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Tower houses in the Balkans
A distinctive type〔 of Ottoman tower houses (singular: (アルバニア語:kullë); (ブルガリア語:кули), ''kuli''; (セルビア語:kуле), all meaning "towers", from Persian ''qulla'',〔Fishta-Elsie-Mathie-Heck 2006, p. 435〕 meaning "mountain" or "top" via Turkish ''kule'') developed and were built in the Balkans〔Greville Pounds 1994, (p. 335 ): "In southeastern Europe, where the extended family was exemplified as nowhere else in the western world, the home itself was often protected, giving rise to the kula or tower- house."〕 (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, Kosovo, Macedonia and Serbia) after the Ottoman conquest in the Middle Ages by both Christian and Muslim communities. The practice began during the decline of Ottoman power in the 17th century〔Grube-Mitchell 1978, p. 204: "a distinctive form of defensive tower-dwelling, the kula, developed among both the Christian and the Muslim communities during the insecure period of the decline of the Ottoman authority in the 17th century ..."〕 and flourished until the early 20th century. The tower houses were typically made out of stone, rose three or four storeys, and were square or rectangular in shape.〔 They served both military (defence, watchtower) and civilian (residential) purposes in order to protect the extended family.〔
==In Albania==
Albanian ''Kullë ''are predominantly found in the north of the country, with notable instances in the south being Berat, Gjirokastër,〔Stubbs-Makaš 2011, (p. 392 )〕 Himara, and Këlcyrë.〔(Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization. ) p. 334〕 Kullas are heavily fortified buildings with small windows and shooting holes, because their main purpose was to offer security in a fighting situation. The first Kullas that were built are from the 17th century, a time when there was continuous fighting in the Dukagjini region, although most of the ones that still remain are from the 18th or 19th century. They are almost always built within a complex of buildings with various functions but Kullas in towns exist mostly as standalone structures. They are also positioned within the complex of buildings that they exist in a way that makes it possible for the inhabitants to survey the surrounding area. Kullas in towns are usually built as standalone structures, while in villages they are more commonly found as a part of a larger ensemble of kullas and stone houses, usually grouped based on the family clan they belonged to.
Certain kullë were used as places of isolation and safe havens, or "locked towers" ((アルバニア語:kulla ngujimi)), intended for the use of persons targeted by blood feuds (''gjakmarrja''). An example can be found in Theth, northern Albania.
There are also instances of fortified tower-houses in Gjirokastër built in the 13th century, predating Ottoman conquest.〔(Internationale Tourismusattraktionen in Mittel- und Südosteuropa ). Österreichisches Ost- und Südosteuropa-Institut, 1999, p. 2.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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